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Blood, Vol. 94 No. 2 (July 15), 1999:
pp. 793-802
Overexpression of Wild-Type Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR )
Recapitulates Retinoic Acid-Sensitive Transformation of Primary Myeloid
Progenitors by Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia RAR -Fusion Genes
Changchun Du,
Robert L. Redner,
Michael P. Cooke, and
Catherine Lavau
From Systemix Inc, Palo Alto, CA; and the University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, Pittsburg, PA.
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR ) is the target of several
chromosomal translocations associated with acute promyelocytic
leukemias (APLs). These rearrangements fuse RAR to different partner
genes creating the chimeric proteins: PML-RAR , PLZF-RAR , and
NPM-RAR . Although the vast majority of APLs respond to retinoic acid
therapy, those associated with PLZF-RAR are resistant. We have used
retroviruses to express PML-RAR , PLZF-RAR , NPM-RAR , RAR 403
(a dominant negative mutant of RAR ), and wild-type RAR in murine
bone marrow progenitors and found that all of these constructs blocked
differentiation and led to the immortalization of myeloid progenitors.
This cellular transformation is specific to an alteration of the RAR
pathway because overexpression of RAR , RAR , or RXR did not
result in similar growth perturbations. Pharmacological doses of RA
induced differentiation and inhibited proliferation of cells
transformed with either of the APL fusion genes, including PLZF-RAR ,
whereas physiological retinoic acid concentrations were sufficient to reverse the phenotype of cells transformed with wild-type RAR . The
cellular responses to retinoic acid were accompanied by a sharp
decrease in the amount of the RAR -fusion proteins expressed in the
cells. Our findings suggest that the oncogenicity of RAR -fusion proteins results from their nature to behave as unliganded RAR in
the presence of physiological concentrations of retinoic acid.

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